Background & Objectives: OculoCARDIAC reflex (OCR) is presented with bradycardia and other arrhythmias, is induced by mechanical stimulation and therefore, encountered during strabismus surgery. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence and risk factors of CARDIAC arrhythmias during strabismus surgery in children and adults. Methods: In this prospective, randomized and double-blind study, 46 patients ASA class I and II underwent elective strabismus surgery with general anesthesia and were allocated to one of the two groups: children under 12 and adults over 12. All patients received standard general anesthesia based on their age. Demographic data, type of involved muscle, the incidence, (type and frequency) and the cause of arrhythmias and skillfulness of the surgeon (professor-assistant) were recorded. Results: There were 26 patients in children group and 20 patients in adult group. The overall incidence of arrhythmias was 91% with 96.15% in children and 85% in adults. There was not any significant difference in the incidence of arrhythmias, and the mean rate of occurrence between two groups. Most of the arrhythmias were due to external ocular muscles traction. Conjunctival traction and pressure on the globe were the other causes. Stimulation of median rectus muscle as the most important arrythmogenic factor was seen in 13 children and 12 adults. Bradycardia and tachycardia were among common arrhythmias, but there was no significant difference between two groups (P>0.05) in terms of their incidence. Conclusion: This study showed that the incidence of arrhythmias during strabismus surgery is high in both children and adults. This reflex does not often lead to hemodynamic ompromise, however, for its early diagnosis and treatment, close and continuous monitoring of the  patient as well as cooperation and communication between anesthesiologist and surgeon is needed.    

Basic life support (BLS) following by Advanced CARDIAC life support (ACLS) is intended to rescue the patients with acute circulatory or respiratory failure or both. The most important determinant of short and long-term neurologically intact survival is the interval from the onset of the CARDIAC or respiratory onset to restoration of effective spontaneous functions of these vital activities.It is commonly accepted that every physician, regardless of specialty, should be able to  perform CPR. It must be also emphasized that CPR, almost invariably, necessitates a rapid interventional follow-care with ACLS procedure.Without well-performed basic life support, advanced CARDIAC life support is of no remark-: able benefit, BLS and ACLS are processes that must be performed step by step and with respect to the patient's condition.

Leonurus CARDIACa is a medicinal plant of the family Lamiaceae, due to the effects of blood dilutioning, the species is used for centuries. The species has a high diversity and widely distributed in Iran, so that from 4 sub species in the world, 3 sub-species are grown in Iran. In this study AFLP markers were used to investigate genetic diversity among 47 samples of 6 motherwort populations and the kinship ties between them. The results showed that 6 selected AFLP primer combinations (MseI /EcoRI) amplified 608 scorable DNA bands, of which 355 were polymorphic (polymorphic 58%). The average genetic similarity of samples was estimated based on the Nei coefficient, 0.26 (0.21-0.30). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the genetic variation was mainly within populations (57%), but variance among the populations was only 43%. A UPGMA dendrogram based on genetic distance also revealed five major branches in accordance to geographical regions. Maximum and minimum values of genetic similarity of the populations were recorded between “Taleghan 6” and “Taleghan 7” (0.7) and “Dargaz 1” and “Taleghan 7” (0.06) respectively. Data showed a completely different banding pattern of subspecies L. CARDIACa subsp Turkestanicus. of Dargaz region. Coefficient of genetic differentiation among the populations (Gst) and gene flow (Nm), average number of emigration exchanged per generation estimated among the populations, were estimated 0.37 and 0.85, respectively.

Backgrounds and Objectives: Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a prevalent disease and has a great economic impact on health systems. CARDIAC Resynchronization Therapy (CRT), which synchronize biventricular contraction, is one of the most important therapies in these patients. Despite the exact selection of patients about 30% of patients do not respond to CRT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the O2 saturation and the pressure level of right side of heart and Coronary Sinus (CS) vein to predict the response to CRT.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 30 patients were candidate for implantation of CRT echocardiography. The 6 Minute Walk Test (6MW), right side and CS O2 saturation and pressure study was done before implantation. Echocardiography and 6MW repeated 6 months later. Based on response to the CRT, patients were divided into two groups: “responder and non-responder”. Date were compared between groups.Results: O2 saturation was significantly lower in responders than non-responders. In non-responder patients the Right Ventricular (RV) and Pulmonary Artery (PA) Pressure was significantly higher than responders. Desaturation of CS blood flow in responders was probably due to higher levels of viable tissue which involve in contraction. Increase in right side and PA pressure in non-responders might be due to severity of heart failure which made CRT not effective in these patients.Conclusion: Evaluation of O2 saturation of CS blood flow, RV and PA pressure can use as an index in predicting the response to CRT and can help as additional indices in selection of patients with borderline indications for implanting CRT.

Introduction: Tracheobronchial suctioning has some complications for the patient. One of these complications is CARDIAC dysrythmia. Some articles mention ventricular extra systole to be common after suctioning but some other articles indicate bradycardia or premature arterial contraction (PAC) as the most common dysrythmia during endotracheol suctioning.Objective: In attention to the danger of CARDIAC dysrythmia during suctioning and also different existing opinions among researchers, the present study is conducted to determine the frequency of CARDIAC dysrythmia during tracheobranchial suctioning.Materials and Methods: Four hundred patients aging 18-65 under mechanical ventilation from intensive care units of Ayatollah Kashani Center were selected. EKG, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure (SAP, DAP), heart rate (HR) and arterial hemoglobin saturation were recorded before the endotracheal suctioning. Then standard endotracheal suctioning was done and these parameters were determined during the suctioning. At the end of suctioning another EKG was taken and shown to the cardiologist. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ratios and also analysis variance.Results: Mean age of the patients and M/F ratio were 33±14 yrs. and 17.2 respectively. The most common abnormal rhythm during the suctioning was sinus tachycardia (33%). No other arrhythmias were seen in this study. The greater increase in HR occurred 2 minutes after endotracheal suctioning (114±20 vs. 102±16 pre suctioning) (P<0.05). Patients’ systolic blood pressure significantly rose after suctioning (P<0.05). There was insignificant difference in diastolic BP and saturated arterial hemoglobin.Conclusion: These findings suggested that endotracheal suctioning can induce sinus tachycardia but other DYSRYTHMIAS, which may be dangerous in the patients under mechanical ventilation, did not occur in this study. Perhaps suctioning tracheal and bronchial secretions under correct medical conditions causes no dangerous arrhythmias.

Historically, biomarkers have been used in two major ways to maintain and improve better health status: first, for diagnostic purposes, and second, as specific targets to treat various diseases. A new era in treatment and even cure for the some diseases using reprograming of somatic cells is about to be born. In this approach, scientists are successfully taking human skin cells (previously considered terminally-differentiated cells) and re-programming them into functional CARDIAC myocytes and other cell types in vitro. A cell reprograming approach for treatment of cardiovascular diseases will revolutionize the field of medicine and significantly expand the human lifetime. Availability of a comprehensive catalogue for CARDIAC biomarkers is necessary for developing cell reprograming modalities to treat CARDIAC diseases, as well as for determining the progress of reprogrammed cells as they become CARDIAC cells. In this review, we present a comprehensive survey of the CARDIAC biomarkers currently known.